Using a swab or absorbent pad are the most common ways to take a saliva specimen. However, if blood is present in the oral fluid sample, additional blood or urine tests will be required for accuracy. Because a limited amount of saliva is collected for a sample, it may not…

This indicates that recreational athletes who played Games in 2019 were more prone to intentionally use prohibited performance-enhancing substances compared to recreational athletes from other sports categories (see Additional file 2 for details on the calculations). The first two questions addressed behavior that is not prohibited, but that may nevertheless…